Québec – Capital City since 1608
Explore 400 years of Old Québec’s history, culture and architecture
0100		ST. LAWRENCE RIVER The river and watershed that defined historical Canada. Flowing from the Great Lakes, the 2300-mile / 3700-km St. Lawrence Seaway extends from Duluth Minnesota to the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. This watershed was known as “Kanata” by local Indigenous and early French settlers, more than 300 years before modern Canada expanded to the Pacific coast in the wake of the American Civil War.
0200		MUSÉE DES BEAUX-ARTS DU QUÉBEC (Fine Arts Museum of Québec) Collections of New France art, topographical painters, Inuit, Modern art, etc.
0300		OBSERVATOIRE DE LA CAPITALE (Québec City Observatory) Located at the 31^st floor of the Marie-Guyart building, admire the Historic District of Old Québec and its fortifications from its highest point.
0400		PLAINE D’ABRAHAM (Plains of Abraham – Battlefields Park) Most iconic battlefield of the French and Indian War. French were defeated and soon left North America. One of Canada’s most important historical parks and one of the most prestigious city parks. On this site, during the French and Indian War, French troops lost the 1759 iconic battle that changed the fate of the continent. All North America’s French territories will be then ceded to England through the 1763 Treaty of Paris. Many French-speaking Canadians remained and now form 75% of the population of the Province of Québec, for up to 14 generations.
0500		MUSÉE DES PLAINES D’ABRAHAM (Plains of Abraham Museum) Different exhibitions, the show Battles and guided tours are available.
0600		GRANDE ALLÉE Variety of restaurants and bars along the Battlefield Park. Name given to St-Louis street outside the Fortifications. Literally, Grande Allée means Broad Way. What to do! History
0700		HÔTEL DU PARLEMENT – ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE DU QUÉBEC (Province of Québec’s Legislature Building) Even though Montreal is the Province’s largest city, Québec City has forever been its Capital City. Discover the National Assembly of the Province of Québec and the British parliamentary system in the only French-speaking Province of Canada. Self-guided and free guided tours.
0800		CITADELLE DE QUÉBEC Many military defense works like the Citadelle were built in British Canada after the War of 1812. Active military base and home of the Royal 22nd Regiment, 1st French-speaking troops of the Canadian Forces. Built in the wake of the War of 1812, as the Halifax Citadel, Fort Henry in Kingston Ontario and the Rideau Canal in Ottawa. These defensive and strategic works have finally never been used in war times.
0900		FRENCH RAMPART OF QUÉBEC CITY’S FORTIFICATIONS The fortifications of Québec were built from early French Canada until the 1871 Treaty of Washington. The French rampart was built in the years before the iconic 1759 Plains of Abraham Battle. This wall preserved its original height (or so) and is made of “courtines” (straight walls) and “bastions” (parts of walls that stick out), and is located between the northern and southern cliffs of Québec’s promontory. Québec’s Fortifications are of the “Vauban” type, named after Louis XIV’s military engineer who widely used this configuration. The last forts – 3 wide bastions - were built across the St.Lawrence River in Lévis, to stop the potential invaders from the USA, a major threat for the Canadians in the wake of the Civil War. Parks Canada in Québec Parks Canada in Lévis
	1000		PIERRE DUGUA-DE MONS TERRACE After founding Acadia in 1604, Dugua financed the Champlain’s expedition to Québec in 1608. Outstanding view of the « narrowing of the river » (kebek in algonquian language), the Port area and South-Shore of Québec (Lévis) as well as the bridge and western tip of Ile d’Orléans. Dugua-De Mons is the Father of Acadia that he founded in 1604. Dugua’s bust found here is a replica of the original statue located in Annapolis Royal Nova Scotia, formerly Port-Royal, capital of historic Acadia. Lieutenant-Governor of New France in 1608, Dugua commissioned Champlain to settle a fur trade post in Québec, and thus, is now recognized as the co-founder of Québec City, Canada’s first permanent settlement. Terrace Fort St. Anne in Acadia
	1100		CAP DIAMANT (Cape Diamond) “The impression made upon the visitor by this Gibraltar of America…” (Charles Dickens, American Notes, 1842) Name given to the eastern cliff (river side) of the promontory of Québec City, atop of which stands the iconic hotel Chateau Frontenac (see 14) and Citadelle de Québec (see 8). The opposite western cliff – which is not Cape Diamond anymore - faces the Old Port district in Lower Town (le Vieux-Port) and the Laurentian mountains in the background. The name originates from the diamonds Jacques Cartier – the official European discoverer of Canada – found here. Unfortunately, these “fake diamonds” were only quartz. Cartier eventually fell in disgrace in the 1800s for 3 main reasons: these fake diamonds, the forcible abduction of “Indians” at the end of his 1st voyage to Canada (1534) and because English Canadians would then thought John Cabot was the actual European discoverer of Canada because of his 1497 travel along the Newfoundland coast. Cap Diamant (French only) Dickens’ travel to USA and Canada, including Quebec City Jacques Cartier’s 1535-1536 wintering site Jacques Cartier’s 1541-1542 travel to Canada (French only)
	1200		TERRASSE DUFFERIN (Dufferin Terrace) Top view on the river and the area in the vicinity of the Château Frontenac. Historic sites showcasing Canada from early 1600s to late 1800s. Atop Cape Diamond, nearby Chateau Frontenac, this is one of the preferred point of view on the St. Lawrence River below. Inaugurated 12 years after modern Canada was born in 1867, here we find many Canadian symbols to celebrate the “founding people of Canada”, along with some Royal family members of that period (Victoria, Louise, Lorne, Dufferin), a prestigious French Governor (Frontenac) and an important Catholic Archbishop (Plessis). The same symbols and figures can be seen across the whole country from Victoria BC to Halifax Nova Scotia. Terrace Dufferin Fort and Chateau St. Louis historic site under terrace
	1300		WOLFE-MONTCALM MONUMENT Plains of Abraham Battle’s victorious and defeated generals share a common memorial erected in the spirit of reconciliation during unrest in Lower and Upper Canada! Both James Wolfe and Louis-Joseph de Montcalm – the British and French commanders during the Siege of Québec in 1759 – were mortally wounded during the 20-minute battle that took place on September 13. Common fate, common fame and common memorial! When the monument was inaugurated in 1829, French Canadians and American Loyalists in the British colonies of Lower and Upper Canada respectively were fighting for democracy as their elected assemblies’ decisions could be vetoed by the appointed council or governor. Responsible government was granted to Canadians only in 1848 after the Papineau-McKenzie Rebellions. Parks Canada War Memorial
	1400		CHATEAU FRONTENAC – FAIRMONT HOTEL Best Québec City’s symbol of Canada “From Sea to Sea”, it was built by the railroad company that united Canada! This 1893 “Castle of the North” – a top Canadian symbol - is Québec City’s most famous landmark. Third prestigious CPR hotel built along the then-new railroad from Vancouver to Quebec City, after Vancouver Hotel in 1885 and Banff Springs in 1888. Hotel Frontenac’s “Medieval Chateau-style” architecture was inspired by the 1875 Dufferin Preservation Plan of Québec City – Quebec Improvements - where walls were partially lowered, Dufferin Terrace enlarged and military gates rebuilt with a medieval touch, more than a decade before the Frontenac was built. The last “similar” hotel built along the Canadian Pacific railroad is the 1908 Empress situated in Victoria, British Columbia, the home of the Empress Cruiseship Line also owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Parks Canada Dufferin’s 1875 Preservation Plan: Quebec Improvements
	1500		CHAMPLAIN MONUMENT Father of New France and founder of Québec City, Champlain was also a cartographer, diplomat and business man! This monument was erected a decade before Québec City’s 300th anniversary in 1908. Skilled sailor, Champlain crossed the Atlantic 27 times to realize his dream of a permanent French presence in North America. He died on Christmas Day in 1635 in nearby Fort St-Louis (see 12). Champlain’s burial site is still unknown to this day despite several attempts to locate it from the 1800s. From his first travel into the St. Lawrence valley in 1603 – where he met with First Nations and created strategic alliances – to his death, Champlain mapped the coast of New England and the St. Lawrence River watershed, from Cape Cod to the Great Lakes area. His contribution to the mapping of historical Canada and Acadia is remarkable, as well as his skills to create durable alliances between the French and Native Americans that lasted up to the fall of New France. Monument History
	1600		PLACE D’ARMES (Armoury Square) Central hub of Upper Town laid out around 1640. The 3 streets starting from Place d’Armes lead to the 3 gates of the French rampart in a radial pattern. Place d’Armes dates from the French period of Canada and has witnessed Canada’s major political changes. Today, one can observe around Place d’Armes architecture styles of the 3 periods of Canadian history. Discover the 1732 Neoclassical Berthelot House (corner Ste-Anne and du Trésor), the 1804 Palladian Holy Trinity Cathedral (see 17) and the 1893 Chateau-style hotel Frontenac (see 14), memories of the French, British and Canadian periods respectively. The neo-baroque fountain in its center recalls the arrival of the first French Catholic missionaries to Canada in 1615: the Recollects were a French Franciscans suborder. Other male and female Catholic orders followed within 25 years: the Jesuits in 1625, the Ursulines and Augustinians in 1639 (see 18). Place d’Armes Maison Berthelot (French only)
	1700		HOLY TRINITY – ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL Landmark of British Québec City. Built 20 years after the U.S. Independence that made Québec the new Capital City of British North America. Built around Place d’Armes (see 16) on a site originally owned by the first French Catholic religious order in Canada, the Recollects. The British used the Recollects’ Church for their own worship until a fire destroyed the building at the end of the 18^th century. The Palladian architecture of 1803 Holy Trinity church is the first British architectural style that marked Québec City. Other Palladian buildings were erected during the first decades of the 19^th century, such as the St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church, the Morrin Centre (see 20), etc… The Anglican Church of Old Québec is still very dynamic and offers services in English… and French.
	1800		MONASTÈRE DES URSULINES (Ursuline Monastery) First school for girls in North America, operating since 1639. The Quebec City Ursulines were the first female missionaries to North America. The Ursuline Sisters also settled in New Orleans in 1727, becoming then the first nuns in the USA. The Québec City Ursulines is within the top 5 French historic institutions across Canada. They operate a museum about the Catholic education they provided until the end of the 1900s, the traditional art of gilding and embroidery they imported from France in the 1600s and the monastic life of the Ursuline order until Vatican II. In their chapel open to the public, you can see the only authentic church interior dating from the French rule of Canada. Also, you discover original paintings confiscated by the French Revolutionaries – the Desjardins Collection - and brought to Québec City around 1820, a concrete and artistic side effect of the French Revolution on Canada. The Ursuline and Augustinian nuns both arrived in Canada in 1639. The latter inaugurated the first hospital in North America, now operated as an oncology centre in Old Québec. First apothecaries in Canada, the Augustinians now operate a top-rated wellness centre that includes a museum about their works and the medical science of the 1600s. Ursulines Augustinians
	1900		ÉDIFICE PRICE (Price Building) Inaugurated on October 29, 1929 – the Black Tuesday at the New York Stock Exchange - this building recalls the effect of the Great Depression on Canada. Now owned by the Government of Québec, it was built by the 4^th generation of the Price family as headquarter for their paper mills and sawmills empire. The Prices became managers of the company they had created after going bankrupt in the early 1930s. The 5^th generation rebuilt their business in tourism from 1965 when Anthony Price opened the Musée du Fort near Place d’Armes. The family also owns the Chic Shack (Gourmet hamburgers restaurant) and Auberge Saint-Antoine (only Relais & Chateaux hotel in Quebec City area, and regularly nominated as hotel #1 in Canada by travel magazines). The hotel restaurant – the Muffy, Anthony’s wife nickname – also ranks frequently within the top 5 restaurants in Canada. Price Building Musée du Fort Chic Shack Auberge Saint-Antoine
	2000		MORRIN CENTRE AND ST. ANDREW’S PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH The Scots arrived in Canada through the British Conquest. The best landmarks of Scottish Quebec City are found here! Details to come shortly. Morrin Centre St. Andrew’s Church
	2100		QUARTIER PETIT-CHAMPLAIN (Petit-Champlain District) Details to come shortly. Business Corporation What to see
	2200		NOTRE-DAME-DE-QUÉBEC CATHEDRAL Details to come shortly. Opening Hours Basilica-Cathedral
	2300		PLACE DE L’HÔTEL-DE-VILLE (CITY HALL SQUARE) Details to come shortly.
	2400		HÔTEL-DE-VILLE (CITY HALL) Details to come shortly.
	2500		NOTRE-DAME-DES-VICTOIRES CHURCH Details to come shortly.
	2600		PLACE ROYALE (Royal Square) Details to come shortly.
	2700		CÔTE DE LA MONTAGNE (Mountain Hill) Details to come shortly.
	2800		PARC MONTMORENCY (Montmorency Park) Details to come shortly.
	2900		SÉMINAIRE DE QUÉBEC (Seminary of Québec) Details to come shortly. Heritage School of Architecture Seminary Corporation (French only)
	3000		QUARTIER LATIN (Latin Quarter) Details to come shortly.
	3100		MUSÉE DE LA CIVILISATION Details to come shortly.
	3200		RUE DES REMPARTS Details to come shortly.